LONGMAN COMPLETE COURSE FOR THE TOEFL
READING
READING POST-TEST
QUESTIONS 1-10
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of
the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the earth. In a partial
eclipse, the moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon
covers the center of the Sun, leaving a bright ring
of light around the moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered
by the Moon.
It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon
could completely block out the
tremendously immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is
exactly what happens. Although the Moon is considerably smaller in size than
the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances from Earth. A total
eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves
across Earth at a rate of about .6
kilometers per second.
|
1
|
The
passage mainly
|
6
|
According
to the passage, how can the Moon hide the Sun during a total eclipse?
|
||
A
|
describes
how long an eclipse will last
|
A
|
The
fact that the Moon is closer to Earth than the Sun makes up for the Moon’s
smaller size.
|
||
B
|
gives
facts about the Moon
|
B
|
The
Moon can only obscure the Sun because of the Moon’s great distance from the
earth.
|
||
C
|
explains
how the Sun is able to obscure the Moon
|
C
|
Because
the Sun is relatively close to Earth, the Sun can be eclipsed by the Moon.
|
||
D
|
informs
the reader about solar eclipses
|
D
|
The
Moon hides the Sun because of the Moon’s considerable size.
|
||
2
|
In which
type of eclipse is the Sun obscured in its entirety?
|
7
|
The
word “relative” in line 8 could best
be replaced by
|
||
A
|
A
partial eclipse
|
A
|
familial
|
||
B
|
An
annular eclipse
|
B
|
infinite
|
||
C
|
A
total eclipse
|
C
|
comparative
|
||
D
|
A
celestial eclipse
|
D
|
paternal
|
||
3
|
The
word “ring” in line 3 could best be
replaced by
|
8
|
The
passage states that which of the following happens during an eclipse?
|
||
A
|
piece
of gold
|
A
|
The
Moon hides from the Sun.
|
||
B
|
circle
|
B
|
The
Moon is obscured by the Sun.
|
||
C
|
jewel
|
C
|
The
Moon begins moving at a speed of .6 kilometers per second.
|
||
D
|
bell
|
D
|
The
Moon’s shadow crosses earth.
|
||
4
|
A “celestial body” in line 5 is most probably
one that is found
|
9
|
The
word “rate” in line 9 could best be
replaced by
|
||
A
|
within
the Moon’s shadow
|
A
|
form
|
||
B
|
somewhere
in the sky
|
B
|
speed
|
||
C
|
on the
surface of the Sun
|
C
|
distance
|
||
D
|
inside
Earth’s atmosphere
|
D
|
rotation
|
||
5
|
What
is the meaning of “block out” in line
5?
|
10
|
Where
in the passage does the author mention the rate of a total eclipse?
|
||
A
|
Square
|
A
|
Lines
1-2
|
||
B
|
Cover
|
B
|
Lines 2-4
|
||
C
|
Evaporate
|
C
|
Lines 5-6
|
||
D
|
Shrink
|
D
|
Lines 8-9
|
QUESTIONS 11-20
While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the
United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue
stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known national
symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the
owner of meat-packing business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam
Wilson’s company was granted a
government contract to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was
supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials
U.S., which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time
relatively young, and the initials U.S. were not commonly used. Many people
questions what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle
Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the
figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made
it official by adopting a resolution
naming Samuel Wilson as the inspiration for Uncle Sam.
|
11
|
The
paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
|
16
|
The
word “granted” in line 5 means
|
||
A
|
the
War of 1812
|
A
|
refused
|
||
B
|
the
bald eagle, which symbolizes the United States
|
B
|
underbid
for
|
||
C
|
Sam
Wilson’s meat packing company
|
C
|
told
about
|
||
D
|
the
costume worn by Uncle Sam
|
D
|
given
|
||
12
|
Which
of the following is the most appropriate tittle for this passage?
|
17
|
According
to the passage, what was in the barrels stamped U.S.?
|
||
A
|
The
Bald Eagle
|
A
|
Sam
Wilson
|
||
B
|
The
Symbols of the United States
|
B
|
Food
for the army
|
||
C
|
Samuel
Wilson
|
C
|
Weapons
to be used in the war
|
||
D
|
Uncle
Sam-Symbol of the Nation
|
D
|
Company
contracts
|
||
13
|
Which
of the following is NOT mentioned
about Uncle Sam’s appearance?
|
18
|
The
word “initials” in line 6 means
|
||
A
|
He
wears facial hair.
|
A
|
nicknames
|
||
B
|
There
is some blue in his clothing.
|
B
|
family
names
|
||
C
|
He is
bald.
|
C
|
first
letters of words
|
||
D
|
His
clothes have stripes in them.
|
D
|
company
names
|
||
14
|
The
word “costumed” in line 2 could most
easily replaced by
|
19
|
The
word “official” in line 10 is closest
in meaning to
|
||
A
|
dressed
|
A
|
authorized
|
||
B
|
nationalized
|
B
|
professional
|
||
C
|
hidden
|
C
|
dutiful
|
||
D
|
seen
|
D
|
accidental
|
||
15
|
Sam Wilson
was the proprietor of what type of business?
|
20
|
In
1812, people most probably answered that the letters “U.S.” written on the
barrels stood for “Uncle Sam” because
|
||
A
|
A
costume company
|
A
|
Congress
required it
|
||
B
|
A
meat-packing company
|
B
|
Samuel
Wilson was their favourite uncle
|
||
C
|
A
military clothier
|
C
|
Sam
Wilson preferred it
|
||
D
|
A
barrel-making company
|
D
|
they
were not exactly sure what the letters meant
|
QUESTIONS 21-31
Most people think of desserts as dry, flat areas with
little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly trues. Many
deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills
to start, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do
not receive a high amount of rainfall-to be classified as a desert, an area
must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year-there are
many plants that thrive on only
small amounts of water, and deserts are often full of such plant life.
Deserts plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water
needed for survival. Some plants, such as cactus, are able to store large
amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants
absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants,
such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep
root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.
|
21
|
What
is the main topic of the passage?
|
27
|
The
word “mechanisms” in line 7 could most
easily replaced by
|
||
A
|
Deserts
are dry, flat areas with few plants.
|
A
|
machines
|
||
B
|
There
is little rainfall in the desert.
|
B
|
pumps
|
||
C
|
Many
kinds of vegetation can survive with little water.
|
C
|
sources
|
||
D
|
Deserts
are not really flat areas with little plant life.
|
D
|
methods
|
||
22
|
The
passage implies that
|
28
|
Which
of the following is mentioned in the passage about cacti?
|
||
A
|
the
typical conception of a desert is incorrect
|
A
|
They
have deep root systems.
|
||
B
|
all
deserts are dry, flat areas
|
B
|
They
retain water from one rainfall to the next.
|
||
C
|
most
people are well informed about deserts
|
C
|
They
survive in the desert because they do not need water.
|
||
D
|
the
lack of rainfall in deserts causes the lack of vegetation
|
D
|
They
get water from deep below the surface of the desert.
|
||
23
|
The passage
describes the geography of deserts as
|
29
|
“Mesquite” in line 10 is probably?
|
||
A
|
flat
|
A
|
a type
of tree
|
||
B
|
sandy
|
B
|
a
desert animal
|
||
C
|
varied
|
C
|
a type
of cactus
|
||
D
|
void
of vegetation
|
D
|
a
geographical formation in the desert
|
||
24
|
The
word “source” in line 3 means
|
30
|
The
word “arid” in line 11 means
|
||
A
|
supply
|
A
|
deep
|
||
B
|
storage
space
|
B
|
dry
|
||
C
|
need
|
C
|
sandy
|
||
D
|
lack
|
D
|
superficial
|
||
25
|
According
to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?
|
31
|
Where
in the passage does the author describe desert vegetation that keeps water in
its leaves?
|
||
A
|
The
type of plants
|
A
|
Lines 1-2
|
||
B
|
The
geographical formations
|
B
|
Lines 3-6
|
||
C
|
The
amount of precipitation
|
C
|
Lines 7-9
|
||
D
|
The
source of water
|
D
|
Lines 9-11
|
||
26
|
The
word “thrive” in line 5 means
|
|
|
||
A
|
suffer
|
|
|
||
B
|
grow
well
|
|
|
||
C
|
minimally
survive
|
|
|
||
D
|
decay
|
|
|
QUESTIONS 32-41
American Jazz is a conglomeration
of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk
music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the
recognizable characteristics of jazz is its use of improvisation;
certain parts of the music are written out and played the same way by various
performers, and other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a
performance and vary widely from performer to performer.
The earliest form of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the
best-known of the ragtime performers and composers was Scott Joplin. Born in
1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living
from a very early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of
his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Club
in Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing the more than 500
compositions that he was to produce, the most famous of which was “The Maple
Leaf Rag.”
|
32
|
This
passage is about
|
37
|
The
word “living” in line 8 could most
easily replaced by
|
||
A
|
jazz
in general and one specific type of jazz
|
A
|
money
|
||
B
|
the
various sources of jazz
|
B
|
life-style
|
||
C
|
the
life of Scott Joplin
|
C
|
enjoyment
|
||
D
|
the
major characteristics of jazz
|
D
|
health
|
||
33
|
The
word “conglomeration” in line 1 could best
be replaced by
|
38
|
The
word “regular” in line 9 could best be
replaced by
|
||
A
|
disharmony
|
A
|
popular
|
||
B
|
mixture
|
B
|
steady
|
||
C
|
purity
|
C
|
unusual
|
||
D
|
treasure
|
D
|
boring
|
||
34
|
In
line 3, the word “improvisation”
involves which of the following?
|
39
|
The
word “which” in line 10 refers to
|
||
A
|
Playing
the written parts of the music
|
A
|
regular
jobs
|
||
B
|
Performing
similarly to other musicians
|
B
|
the
Maple Leaf Club
|
||
C
|
Making
up music while playing
|
C
|
Sedalia,
Missouri
|
||
D
|
Playing
a varied selection of musical compositions
|
D
|
500
compositions
|
||
35
|
According
to the passage, ragtime was
|
40
|
The
name of Scott Joplin’s most famous composition probably came from
|
||
A
|
generally
performed on a variety of instruments
|
A
|
the
name of a saloon where he performed
|
||
B
|
the
first type of jazz
|
B
|
the maple
tree near his Sedalia home
|
||
C
|
extremely
soothing and sedate
|
C
|
the
name of the town where he was born
|
||
D
|
performed
only at the Maple Leaf Club in Sedalia
|
D
|
the
school where he learned to play the piano
|
||
36
|
Which
of the following statements is true according to the passage?
|
41
|
The
paragraph following the passage probably discusses
|
||
A
|
Scott
Joplin was a slave when he was born.
|
A
|
Sedalia,
Missouri
|
||
B
|
Scott
Joplin’s parents had been slaves before Scott was born.
|
B
|
the
Maple Leaf Club
|
||
C
|
Scott
Joplin has formerly been a slave, but he no longer was after 1868.
|
C
|
the
numerous compositions of Scott Joplin
|
||
D
|
Scott
Joplin’s parents were slaves when Scott was born.
|
D
|
the
life of Scott Joplin
|
QUESTIONS 42-50
The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature
without natural causes, has been postulated as a natural law yet is under
attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific laws assume
that a specific set of conditions will unerringly
lead to a predetermined outcome. However, studies in the field of physics
have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule
particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviours rather than
predictable results determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of
these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According
to his principle, only the probable behaviour of an electron can be
predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behaviour of electrons
casts doubt on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism.
Philosophically, the principal opposition to determinism emanates from those
who see humans as creatures in possession of free will. Human decisions may
be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity may
possibly lead to unforeseen choices,
those not preordained by preceding events.
|
42
|
It is
implied in the passage that a natural law
|
47
|
The
expression “emanates from” in line 10 could most easily be replaced
|
||
A
|
is
something that applies to science only
|
A
|
derives
from
|
||
B
|
can be
incontrovertibly found in the idea of determinism
|
B
|
differs
from
|
||
C
|
is
philosophically unacceptable
|
C
|
is in
contrast to
|
||
D
|
is a
principle to which there is no exception
|
D
|
is
subordinate to
|
||
43
|
The
word “unerringly” in line 3 could be most
easily replaced by
|
48
|
It is
implied in the passage that free will is
|
||
A
|
fortunately
|
A
|
accepted
by all philosophers
|
||
B
|
effortlessly
|
B
|
a
direct outcome of Werner’s principle of indeterminacy
|
||
C
|
without
mistake
|
C
|
the
antithesis of determinism
|
||
D
|
with
guidance
|
D
|
a
natural law
|
||
44
|
The
idea of determinism is refuted in this passage based on
|
49
|
The
word “unforeseen” in line 12 is closest in
meaning to
|
||
A
|
scientific
proof
|
A
|
forewarned
|
||
B
|
data
from the science and philosophy of determinism
|
B
|
blind
|
||
C
|
principles
or assumptions from different fields of study
|
C
|
unappreciated
|
||
D
|
philosophical
doubt about free will
|
D
|
unpredictable
|
||
45
|
The
word “minuscule” in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
|
50
|
Where
in the passage does the author mention who develop the contrary principle to
determinism?
|
||
A
|
charged
|
A
|
Lines 1-2
|
||
B
|
fast-moving
|
B
|
Lines 6-7
|
||
C
|
circular
|
C
|
Lines 8-9
|
||
D
|
tiny
|
D
|
Lines 9-13
|
||
46
|
According
to the passage, which of the following is NOT trues about the principle of
Indeterminacy?
|
|
|
||
A
|
It was
formulated based on studies in physics.
|
|
|
||
B
|
It was
philosophically unacceptable.
|
|
|
||
C
|
It has
been in existence for more than a decade.
|
|
|
||
D
|
It is
concerned with the random behaviour of electrons.
|
|
|
ANSWER KEY
1
|
D
|
11
|
B
|
21
|
D
|
31
|
C
|
41
|
C
|
2
|
C
|
12
|
D
|
22
|
A
|
32
|
A
|
42
|
D
|
3
|
B
|
13
|
C
|
23
|
C
|
33
|
B
|
43
|
C
|
4
|
B
|
14
|
A
|
24
|
A
|
34
|
C
|
44
|
A
|
5
|
B
|
15
|
B
|
25
|
C
|
35
|
B
|
45
|
D
|
6
|
A
|
16
|
D
|
26
|
B
|
36
|
B
|
46
|
B
|
7
|
C
|
17
|
B
|
27
|
D
|
37
|
A
|
47
|
A
|
8
|
D
|
18
|
C
|
28
|
B
|
38
|
B
|
48
|
C
|
9
|
B
|
19
|
A
|
29
|
A
|
39
|
D
|
49
|
D
|
10
|
D
|
20
|
D
|
30
|
B
|
40
|
A
|
50
|
B
|
thanks for the document :D
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