IELTS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 (READING)

IELTS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

TEST 1 (READING)

READING

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

CHANGING RULES FOR HEALTH TREATMENT

People who are grossly overweight, who smoke heavily or drink excessively could be denied surgery or drugs. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), which advises on the clinical and cost effectiveness of treatments for the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK, said that in some cases the ‘self-inflicted’ nature of an illness should be taken into account. NICE stressed that people should not be discriminated against by doctors simply because they smoked or were overweight. Its ruling should apply only if the treatment was likely to be less effective, or not work because of an unhealthy habit. The agency also insisted that its decision was not an edict for the whole NHS but guidance for its own appraisal committees when reaching judgements on new drugs or procedures. But the effect is likely to be the same. NICE is a powerful body and the cause of much controversy. It is seen seem by some as a new way of rationing NHS treatment. Across the UK, primary care trusts (PCTs) regularly wait for many months for a NICE decision before agreeing to fund a new treatment. One group of primary care trusts is ahead of NICE. Three PCTs in east Suffolk have already decided that obese people would not be entitled to have hip or knee replacements unless they lost weight. The group said the risks of operating on them were greater, the surgery may be less successful and the joints would wear out sooner. It was acknowledged that the decision would save money. NICE said no priority should be given to patients based on income, social class or social roles at different ages when considering the costs effectiveness of a treatment. Patients should not be discriminated against on the grounds of age either, unless age has a direct relevance to the condition. NICE has already ruled that IVF should be available on the NHS to women aged 23 to 39 as the treatments has less chance of success in older women. It also recommends that flu drugs should be available to over -65s, as older people are more vulnerable. But NICE also said that if self-inflicted factors meant that drugs or treatment would be less clinically and cost effective, this may need to be considered when producing advice for the NHS. They state that ‘if self-inflicted cause of the condition will influence the likely outcome of a particular treatment, then it may be appropriate to take this into account in some circumstances’. They acknowledged that it can be difficult to decide whether an illness such as heart attack was self-inflicted in a smoker. ‘A patient’s individual circumstances may only be taken into account when there will be an impact on the clinical and cost effectiveness of the treatment.’ Prof Sir Michael Rawlins, the chairman of NICE, said; ‘On age we are very clear – our advisory groups should not make recommendations that depend on people’s ages when they are considering the use of a particular treatment, unless there is clear evidence of a difference in its effectiveness for particular age groups. Even then, age should only be mentioned when it provides the only practical ‘marker’ of risk or benefit. NICE values people, equally, at all ages.’ But Steve Webb, the Liberal Democrat health spokesman, said there was a danger of primary care trusts following the same course of action. ‘There is no excuse for cash-strapped hospitals denying treatment to people whose lifestyle they disapprove of’ he said. ‘Treatment decisions involving people’s lifestyle should be based on clinical reasons, not grounds of cost. The NHS is there to keep people healthy, not sit in judgement on individual lifestyles.’ A spokesman for NICE said; ‘We want to reassure people that in producing our guidance we are not going to take into consideration whether or not a particular condition was or self-inflicted. The only circumstances where that may be taken into account is where that treatment may be less effective because of lifestyle choices.’ Jonathan Ellis, the policy manager at Help the Aged, said it was pleased NICE had finally shown an understanding of the importance of tackling age discrimination. ‘While this is a major feat, there is still some way to go to banish the evident inherent age discrimination that exists within health care service,’ he said. ‘The NHS now has much to learn, it will ensure a fairer deal all around for older people using the NHS.’

Questions 14-16

Choose THREE letters A-H

NB Your answers may be given in any order

Which THREE of the following statements are true of NICE, according to the text?

A	It feels that people with bad health habits should not receive treatments
B	It is an agency that offers advice to the NHS
C	Some of the reports they produce discriminate against the elderly
D	It insists its decision should only be applicable in certain situations
E	It is an agency that controls all NHS policy regarding treatments
F	Its powers are not as extensive as those of NHS
G	Many PCTs base their decisions concerning funding on ones made by NICE
H	It has made a statement that overweight people will not receive new joints

Questions 17-19

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

17	NICE argues that
	A. rich people should not be given special consideration over the poor
	B. only patients from certain classes should be considered for treatment
	C. social roles should be considered when deciding treatment
	D. cost of treatment would depend on patient’s income
18	What recommendations has NICE made?
	A. to provide older women with IVF treatments
	B. to make flu drugs accessible to women under 40
	C.to give people between 23-39 flu drugs
	D.to allow certain women to have IVF treatments
19	NICE admits that
	A. some drugs used by his NHS were not clinically effective
	B. their advice is sometimes ignored by the NHS
	C. it is often hard to determine if a patient has caused his or her condition
	D. they are more concerned about cost effectiveness than patients

Questions 20-26

Look at the following statements (Questions 20-26) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person A-C

20	This person was happy that NICE realised age discrimination needed dealing with _____________________________________________
21	This person holds a very high position in the NICE agency _____________________________________________
22	This person is a member of a political party _____________________________________________
23	This person says their policy regarding age is precise and easy to understand _____________________________________________
24	This person does not agree with the position taken by NICE _____________________________________________
25	This person feels the NHS must further improve its relations with the elderly _____________________________________________
26	This person says that NICE does not discriminate on the grounds of age _____________________________________________

A	Michael Rawlins
B	Steve Webb
C	Jonathan Ellis

ANSWER KEY