On Oct. 13, 2000, Paul Sereno, a professor from the University of
Chicago, guided a team of palaeontologists to climb out of three broken Land
Rovers, contented their water bottles and walked across the toffee-coloured
desert called Tenere Desert. Tenere, one of the most barren areas on the
Earth, is located on the southern flank of Sahara. According to the
turbaned nomads Tuareg who have ruled this infertile domain for a few
centuries, this California-size ocean of sand and rock is a ‘desert within
a desert’. In the Tenere Desert, massive dunes might stretch a hundred
miles, as far as the eyes can reach. In addition, 120-degree heat waves and
inexorable winds can take almost all the water from a human body in less
than a day.
Mike Hettwer, a photographer in the team, was attracted by the
amazing scenes and walked to several dunes to take photos of the amazing
landscape. When reaching the first slope of the dune, he was shocked by the
fact that the dunes were scattered with many bones. He photographed these
bones with his digital camera and went to the Land Rover in a hurry. ‘I
found some bones,’ Hettwer said to other group members, ‘to my great
surprise, they do not belong to the dinosaurs. They are human bones.’
One day in the spring of 2005, Paul Sereno got in touch with Elena
Garcea, a prestigious archaeologist at the University of Cassino in Italy,
asking her to return to the site with him together. After spending 30 years
in researching the history of Nile in Sudan and of the mountains in the
Libyan Desert, Garcea got well acquainted with the life of the ancient
people in Sahara. But she did not know Sereno before this exploration, whose
claim of having found so many skeletons in Tenere desert was unreliable to
some archaeologists, among whom one person considered Sereno just as a
‘moonlighting palaeontologist’. However, Garcea was so obsessive with his
perspective as to accept his invitation willingly.
In the following three weeks, Sereno and Garcea (along with five
excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger’s army)
sketched a detailed map of the destined site, which was dubbed Gobero after
the Tuareg name for the area, a place the ancient Kiffian and Tuareg nomads
used to roam. After that, they excavated eight tombs and found twenty
pieces of artefacts for the above mentioned two civilisations. From these
artefacts, it is evidently seen that Kiffian fishermen caught not only the
small fish, but also some huge ones: the remains of Nile perch, a fierce
fish weighing about 300 pounds, along with those of the alligators and
hippos, were left in the vicinity of dunes.
Sereno went back with some essential bones and artefacts, and planned
for the next trip to the Sahara area. Meanwhile, he pulled out the teeth of
skeletons carefully and sent them to a researching laboratory for
radiocarbon dating. The results indicated that while the smaller ‘sleeping’
bones might date back to 6,000 years ago (well within the Tenerian period),
the bigger compactly tied artefacts were approximately 9,000 years old,
just in the heyday of Kiffian era. The scientists now can distinguish one
culture from the other.
In the fall of 2006, for the purpose of exhuming another 80 burials,
these people had another trip to Gobero, taking more crew members and six
extra scientists specialising in different areas. Even at the site, Chris
Stojanowski, bio-archaeologist in Arizona State University, found some clues
by matching the pieces. Judged from the bones, the Kiffian could be a
people of peace and hardworking. ‘No injuries in heads or forearms indicate
that they did not fight too much,’ he said. ‘And they had strong bodies.’
He pointed at a long narrow femur and continued, ‘From this muscle
attachment, we could infer the huge leg muscles, which means this
individual lived a strenuous lifestyle and ate much protein. Both of these
two inferences coincide with the lifestyle of the people living on
fishing.’ To create a striking contrast, he displayed a femur of a Tenerian
male. This ridge was scarcely seen. ‘This individual had a less laborious
lifestyle, which you might expect of the herder.’
Stojanowski concluded that the Tenerian were herders, which was consistent
with the other scholars’ dominant view of the lifestyle in Sahara area
6,000 years ago, when the dry climate favoured herding rather than hunting.
But Sereno proposed some confusing points: if the Tenerian was herders,
where were the herds? Despite thousands of animal bones excavated in
Gobero, only three cow skeletons were found, and none of goats or sheep
found. ‘It is common for the herding people not to kill the cattle,
particularly in a cemetery.’ Elena Garcea remarked, ‘Even the modem
pastoralists such as Niger’s Wodaabe are reluctant to slaughter the animals
in their herd.’ Sereno suggested, ‘Perhaps the Tenerian in Gobero were a
transitional group that had still relied greatly on hunting and fishing and
not adopted herding completely.
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