CAMBRIDGE
ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE ADVANCED
UNIT 87
Suffixes: forming new words
A
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Productive suffixes
Many
suffixes (and prefixes too) are productive. [still used to create new
words] You might feel adventurous enough to try coining some words of
your own! [creating] The meaning of the example words below is clear from the
meanings of the root and the suffix.
-able
can be used productively, whereas -ible never is. It combines with
verbs to form adjectives. Note that -able means ‘can be’: a washable
jacket [one that can be washed] disposable nappies predictable results
avoidable problems a manageable situation
-conscious
combines with nouns to form
adjectives that describe people who consider one aspect of their lives especially
important: health-conscious person class-conscious society safetyconscious
company time conscious workforce
-free
combines with nouns describing
something undesirable to form adjectives to describe nouns without that
undesirable aspect: stress-free life tax-free shop additive-free
food
-rich
combines with nouns (often chemical
or organic substances) to form adjectives to describe nouns with a lot of
that substance: fibre-rich diet calcium-rich foods
-led
combines with nouns and nationality
adjectives to form adjectives describing things that are controlled or
influenced by the original noun or nationality: community-led initiative
studentled protest worker-led uprising
-minded
combines with adjectives or nouns to
form new adjectives describing people with particular characters, opinions or
attitudes: like-minded friends [with similar interests] career-minded
young women money-minded managers high-minded [having high
moral standards]
-proof
combines with nouns to form
adjectives describing things that can resist the damage or difficulty caused
by that noun: ovenproof dish waterproof jacket soundproof room
idiotproof instructions
-related
combines with nouns to form
adjectives to describe one thing as connected with another: stress-related
absence from work age-related illness
-ridden
combines with nouns to form
adjectives describing people or things with a lot of that noun: guilt-ridden
person crime-ridden city bedridden [a person who has to stay
in bed because they are ill]
-worthy
combines with nouns to form
adjectives that describe people or things that merit whatever the original
noun refers to: newsworthy incident [worth reporting in the news] praiseworthy
action/pupil [deserving praise]
Language
help
The
first part of words with -ed, -related, -conscious, etc.
is usually a singular rather than a plural noun, e.g. university-led, crime-related, age-conscious
(NOT
|
B
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Suffixes in different word classes
-ly
is not only an adverb ending, it also
forms quite a few adjectives: lively children [full of energy] costly
holiday [expensive] leisurely walk [relaxed] miserly man [mean
with money]
-ant
is most familiar as an adjective
ending (relevant information, distant hills) but it can also
make nouns from verbs to describe a person: an applicant for a job an
insurance claimant a police informant a quiz contestant an
occupant of a house
-en
makes adjectives from nouns (woollen
jumper, golden hair) but it also makes verbs from adjectives: to
moisten your lips to sweeten tea a situation worsens a face
reddens
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EXERCISES
87.1
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Complete
the table below with the correct phrases.
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87.2
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Match
each adjective with the two nouns it best collocates with in the box.
example
student-led: rebellion, demonstration
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87.3
|
Which
of the suffixes in A opposite could combine with the words in the box below
to make new words? Note that there is more than one possibility for each
word.
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87.4
|
Rewrite
the sentences using the suffix given in brackets.
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87.5
|
Using
a suffix from A, make up words with the following meanings.
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87.6
|
Are
the following words adverbs, adjectives or verbs? Use a dictionary if
necessary.
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ANSWER KEY
87.1
-conscious
money-conscious employers
-free car-free city centre -rich energy-rich drink -led French-led fashion -minded sport(s)-minded friends -proof bullet-proof car -related drug(s)-related crime -ridden poverty-ridden society -worthy trustworthy person
87.2
Here
are the most likely adjective + noun combinations. You may find others that
also work.
1 additive-free drinks, foods 2 avoidable mistake, delay, problems 3 disposable knives and forks, income, glove 4 guilt-ridden expression, speech, personality 5 high-minded speech, principles 6 newsworthy story, speech, mistake 7 oil-rich country, economy 8 ovenproof glove, dish 9 soundproof room, booth 10 stress-related illness, problems
87.3
Suggested
answers:
child-led, child-minded, childproof, child-related dust-free, dustproof, dust-related calorie-conscious, calorie-rich, calorie-related workable, work-conscious, work-free, work-rich, work-led, work-minded, work-related
87.4
2
Poisonous mushrooms are easily identifiable.
3 He is so career-minded that he has no time for his family. 4 The new speed cameras are supposed to be vandal-proof. 5 During the Civil War, the country was terror-ridden. 6 The soil on that farm is nutrient-rich. 7 The bank decided that he was not creditworthy.
87.5
1
meat-free 4
dry-cleanable
2 class-related 5 clothes-conscious 3 vitamin-rich 6 government-led
87.6
1
verb
2 adjective 3 adverb 4 adjective 5 verb 6 adjective 7 adverb and adjective 8 verb |
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