EXERCISE 47: Sentences – Connectors
In
some sentences in the Structure Section of the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked
to identify the correct connector. A connector is a word or phrase that joins words,
phrases, or clauses. A connector expresses relationships between the words, phrases,
and clauses that it joins. Some common relationships are cause and result, contradiction,
substitution, addition, exception, example, and purpose. Choose the correct
answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underlined
choices.
1.
It is not
clear how much students learn ________ television classes without
supervision and monitoring.
A.
for watching
B.
from watching
C.
by watch
D.
to watch
2.
In spite of
the fact that 85 percent of all societies allow the men to take more than one
wife, most prefer monogamy ________.
A.
than
B.
to
C.
for
D.
that
3.
Some (A) metals such (B) gold,
silver, copper, and tin occur naturally (C), and are easy to work
(D).
4.
Stained glass becomes even more beautiful when it ________ because the corrosion.
A.
will age
B.
ages
C.
are aging
D.
aged
5.
All of the
senses ________ smell must pass through intermediate gateways to be processed
before they are registered in the brain.
A.
until
B.
but
C.
to
D.
for
6.
Because (A) the expense
of traditional fuels and the concern that they (B) might run out (C),
many countries have been investigating (D) alternative sources of power.
7.
The lights and appliances in most homes use alternating
current ________.
A.
instead direct current
B.
instead of direct current
C.
that instead direct current
D.
for direct current instead
8.
Only seventeen on (A) one hundred business
calls (B) get through to (C) the correct person on the first (D)
attempt.
9.
More murders are reported ________ December in the United States than
during any other month.
A.
on
B.
in
C.
at
D.
for
10. The
tendency to develop cancer, even in high-risk individuals, can be decreased ________ the amount of fruit and
vegetables in the diet.
A.
to increase
B.
for increase
C.
for increasing
D.
by increasing
11. The
concept of lift in aerodynamic refers to (A) the relationship among
(B) the increased (C) speed of air over the top of a wing and the higher
pressure of the slower air (D) underneath.
12. If
one of the participants in a conversation wonders ________, no real communication
has taken place.
A.
what said the other person
B.
what the other person said
C.
what did the other person say
D.
what was the other person saying
13. A
prism is used to refract (A) light so as (B) it (C)
spreads out in a continuous spectrum of colors (D).
14. Nuclear
power plants are still (A) supported by (B) the society of
Professional Engineers in spite (C) unfortunate accidents like the one at
(D) Three Mile Island.
15. Neptune
is an extremely cold planet, and ________.
A.
so does Uranus
B.
so has Uranus
C.
so is Uranus
D.
so Uranus
16. Deserts
are often formed ________
they are cut off from rain – bearing winds by the surrounding mountain ranges.
A.
because
B.
in spite of
C.
so
D.
due to
17. There are many beautifully
preserved historic buildings ________.
A.
in Beacon Street in Boston
B.
in Beacon Street at Boston
C.
on Beacon Street in Boston
D.
at Beacon Street at Boston
18. ________ the original document,
the U.S. Constitution contains ten amendments called the Bill of Rights.
A.
Beside
B.
Besides
C.
In addition
D.
Also
19. National
parks include (A) not only the most scenic (B) places in the
nation but (C) places distinguished (D) for their historic or
scientific interest.
20. Cooking
oil made from corn does not become saturated when heated, and ________.
A.
neither oil made from soy
B.
oil made from soy does either
C.
neither does oil made from soy
D.
oil made from soy either
ANSWER KEY
1. (B)
The preposition from is used before the - ing form watching to
express cause. Choices (A) and (D) express purpose, not cause. Ln Choice (C), there
is a verb word, not an –ing form, after the preposition.
2. (B) The preposition to is used
after the verb prefer. None of the words in Choices (A), (C), and (D) is
idiomatic with prefer.
3. (B) Such as introduces
an example. Such should be such as before the examples of metals.
4.
(B)
When is used before the subject it and
the present verb ages to express a general truth. Choice (A) is a modal,
not a present verb. Choice (C) expresses present time, but it is not the simple
present verb that is required in clauses after when. Choice (D) i a past,
not a present, verb.
5. (B)
But is used before the noun smell to
express exception. The words in Choices (A), (C), and (D) do not mean except.
6. (A) Because introduces a
clause with a subject and verb. Because of introduces a phrase. Because
should be because of before the nouns expense ... and concern.
"Because traditional fuels were expensive, there was concern ..." would
also be correct.
7.
(B)
Instead of is used before a noun to indicate
replacement. Choice (A) does not have the preposition of. The word that
in Choice (C) introduces a clause with a subject and verb, but no verb
follows. The word instead at the end of a sentence or clause as in
Choice (D) would not include two options, in this case, both kinds of current.
"The lights and appliances in most homes use alternating current instead"
would also be correct.
8.
(A) In is used between numbers
to express a fraction. On should be in.
9.
(B)
In is used before the month December.
Choice (A) is used before dates. Choice (C) is used before clock time. Choice
(D) is used before duration of time.
10.
(D)
By is used before the -ing form
increasing to express method. Choices (A) and (C), which express purpose,
not method, are not logical in this sentence. Choice (B) has a verb word, not an
-ing form, after the preposition for.
11. (B)
Among refers to three or more nouns. Between
refers to two nouns. Among should be between to refer to the
two nouns speed and pressure.
12. (B)
Subject-verb
order is used in the clause after a question word connector such as what. ln
Choices (A) and (D), subject-verb order is reversed. In Choice (C), the auxiliary
did is unnecessary and incorrect.
13. (B)
So is commonly used as a purpose connector
in spoken English, but so that should be used in written English.
14. (C) In spite should be in spite
of because in spite of introduces a condition with an unexpected
result. "Despite" would also be correct.
15. (C) Affirmative agreement with so
requires verb-subject order and an affirmative verb that refers to the verb
in the main clause. Choices (A) and (B) have verb subject order, but the verbs DO
and HAVE do not refer to the verb BE in the main clause. ln Choice (D), so is
used at the end, not at the beginning, of the clause, and there is no verb.
16.
(A) Because is used before a subject
and verb to introduce cause. Choices (B) and (C) are not accepted for statements
of cause. Choice (D) is used before a noun, not before a subject and verb.
17.
(C) On is used before the street
name Beacon. In is used before the city Boston. Choices (A), (B) and
(D) all use inappropriate prepositions before the street name Beacon. Choice
(B) and (D) use inappropriate prepositions before the city Boston.
18.
(B)
Besides means "in addition to."
Choice (A) means "near," not "in addition." Ln Choice (C), in
addition is used without to. Also in Choice (D) is used with verbs,
not a noun like the original document.
19.
(C) But should be but
also, which is used in correlation with the inclusive not only.
20.
(C) Negative agreement requires verb
subject order and an affirmative verb after neither, or subject-verb
order and a negative verb before either. ln Choices (A) and (D), there are
no verbs. In Choice (B), the verb is affirmative, not negative, with either.
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