14
|
The phrase "path of the wind" in the passage is closest in
meaning to
|
In the early part of the twentieth century, the
Norwegian scientist and polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen noted that icebergs
did not follow the path
of the wind as common sense had assumed. Instead they tended to move
to the right side of the direction in which the wind blew. A student of
Nansen's, V. W. Ekman, showed that the rotation of the Earth leading to an
inertia! force known as the Coriolis force was responsible for this
phenomenon. He further demonstrated that in the Northern Hemisphere the
deflection was toward the right of the prevailing wind, and in the Southern
Hemisphere the deflection was toward the teft. The icebergs observed by
Nansen were moved by ocean currents that also moved at an angle to the
prevailing wind.
|
A
|
wind strength
|
B
|
wind variation
|
C
|
wind direction
|
D
|
wind phenomenon
|
|
15
|
The phrase "this
phenomenon" in the passage refers to
|
In the early part of the twentieth century, the Norwegian scientist
and polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen noted that icebergs did not follow the
path of the wind as common sense had assumed. Instead they tended to move
to the right side of the direction in which the wind blew. A student of
Nansen's, V. W. Ekman, showed that the rotation of the Earth leading to an
inertial force known as the Coriolis force was responsible for this phenomenon. He
further demonstrated that in the Northern Hemisphere the deflection was
toward the right of the prevailing wind, and in the Southern Hemisphere the
deflection was toward the left. The icebergs observed by Nansen were moved
by ocean currents that also moved at an angle to the prevailing wind.
|
A
|
the movement of icebergs
|
B
|
the rotation of the Earth
|
C
|
the direction of the wind
|
D
|
the inertial Coriolis force
|
|
16
|
The word "rotates"
in the passage is closest in meaning to
|
The Coriolis force itself is caused by the fact that the Earth rotates on its axis
once per day. and hence all points on the planet have the same rotational
velocity; that is. they take one whole day to complete a rotational circle.
However. since a complete rotation around the Earth is shorter the further
one is away from the equator, different points on the Earth travel at
different speeds depending on degree of latitude. For example, a point on
the equator travels the whole distance around the sphere (about 40,000
kilometers). whereas a point near the poles will travel a much shorter
distance. Therefore, we can say that the linear speed of a point depends on
its latitude above or below the equator. Thus the actual linear speed of a
point on the surface is faster the nearer that point is to the equator.
|
A
|
spins
|
B
|
travels
|
C
|
twirls
|
D
|
swivels
|
|
17
|
We can infer that rotational velocity is
|
[Refer to the full passage.]
|
A
|
the same as speed in kph
|
B
|
different at different latitudes
|
C
|
the same at different latitudes
|
D
|
dependent on latitude
|
|
18
|
In paragraph 2, the author explains the differences in linear speed
by
|
→ The Coriolis force itself is caused by
the fact that the Earth rotates on its axis once per day, and hence all
points on the planet have the same rotational velocity; that is, they take
one whole day to complete a rotational circle. However. since a complete
rotation around the Earth is shorter the further one is away from the
equator, different points on the Earth travel at different speeds depending
on degree of latitude. For example, a point on the equator travels the
whole distance around the sphere (about 40,000 kilometers). whereas a point
near the poles will travel a much shorter distance. Therefore, we can say
that the linear speed of a point depends on its latitude above or below the
equator. Thus the actual linear speed of a point on the surface is faster
the nearer that point is to the equator.
|
A
|
arguing that an object moving north moves faster
|
B
|
describing the linear velocity of the Earth
|
C
|
identifying the eastward deflection of a current
|
D
|
relating speed to the distance of a point from the equator
|
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [→].
|
19
|
According to the passage, a point near the equator in the Northern
Hemisphere travels
|
[Refer to the full passage.]
|
A
|
at the same speed as any other point
|
B
|
faster than a point at a higher latitude
|
C
|
slower than a point in the Southern Hemisphere
|
D
|
at different speeds in different seasons
|
|
20
|
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
And conversely, if the object is traveling
southward toward the equator, it will be moving more slowly than the
surrounding land or water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Choose the letter of the square that shows where the sentence should
be added.
|
Now if an untethered object (or current) is moving northward away
from the equator in the Northern Hemisphere, it will also maintain the
initial speed imparted to it by the eastward rotation of the Earth. [A] That eastward
deflection is faster at the equator than at more northerly (or southerly)
latitudes, and thus, when the object reaches a more northerly point, it
will be traveling faster in an eastward direction than the surrounding
ground or water. [B]
The moving object will appear to be forced away from its path by some
mysterious phenomenon. In reality the ground is simply moving at a
different speed from the original speed at the object's (or current's) home
position. [C]
The resulting direction of movement will therefore be at an angle of about
45 degrees to the original direction, so an object traveling north will
move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere with respect to the rotating Earth. [D] An object
traveling south will be deflected to the left in the Northern Hemisphere
and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
O
|
A
|
O
|
B
|
O
|
C
|
O
|
D
|
|
21
|
According to paragraph 4, where does water move in a direction
contrary to surface layers of water?
|
→ As the surface water in the ocean is
moved by the wind, it tends to veer off at an angle of 45 degrees to the
right or left. This movement exerts a drag on the water immediatety below
it, and the Coriolis force causes this layer to move and also to deflect to
the right or left. This layer in turn drags the layer below, which in turn
is deflected. At successively deeper layers, the water is deflected in
relation to the layer above until at a depth of around 150 meters, the
water is moving in a direction opposite to the surface water. At successively
greater depths, the frictional forces between layers reduce the energy of
the flow, causing water to move more slowly the deeper the layer. The
resulting deflections produce a spiral pattern known as the Ekman spiral.
The net movement of water is roughly at 90 degrees from the wind direction
and is known as Ekman transport.
|
A
|
Directly below the surface
|
B
|
At 90 degrees to the surface
|
C
|
At all depths below the surface
|
D
|
At 150 meters below the surface
|
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→].
|
22
|
In paragraph 4, why does the author explain that the wind tends to
deflect the water to the right or left?
|
→ As the surface water in the ocean is
moved by the wind, it tends to veer off at an angle of 45 degrees to the
right or left. This movement exerts a drag on the water immediately below
it, and the Coriolis force causes this layer to move and also to deflect to
the right or left. This layer in turn drags the layer below, which in turn
is deflected. At successively deeper layers, the water is deflected in
relation to the layer above until at a depth of around 150 meters, the
water is moving in a direction opposite to the surface water. At
successively greater depths, the frictional forces between layers reduce
the energy of the flow, causing water to move more slowly the deeper the
layer. The resulting deflections produce a spiral pattern known as the
Ekman spiral. The net movement of water is roughly at 90 degrees from the
wind direction and is known as Ekman transport.
|
A
|
To explain the concept of upwelling
|
B
|
To demonstrate the effect of the Coriolis force
|
C
|
To point out causes of rotational velocity
|
D
|
To introduce the movement of ocean currents
|
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]
|
23
|
The word "deflected"
in the passage is closest in meaning to
|
As the surface water in the ocean is moved by the wind, it tends to
veer off at an angle of 45 degrees to the right or left. This movement
exerts a drag on the water immediately below it, and the Coriolis force
causes this layer to move and also to deflect to the right or left. This
layer in turn drags the layer below, which in turn is deflected. At
successively deeper layers, the water is deflected in relation to the layer
above until at a depth of around 150 meters, the water is moving in a
direction opposite to the surface water. At successively greater depths,
the frictional forces between layers reduce the energy of the flow, causing
water to move more slowly the deeper the layer. The resulting deflections
produce a spiral pattern known as the Ekman spiral. The net movement of
water is roughly at 90 degrees from the wind direction and is known as
Ekman transport.
|
A
|
turned
|
B
|
pushed
|
C
|
shoved
|
D
|
urged
|
|
24
|
Based on the information in paragraphs 1 and 4, which of the
following best explains the term "Coriolis force"?
|
[Refer to the full passage.]
|
A
|
The force that creates currents
|
B
|
The force that moves icebergs
|
C
|
The force that opposes wind movement
|
D
|
The force that deflects ocean water
|
|
25
|
According to the passage, the Ekman spiral may affect
|
[Refer to the full passage.]
|
A
|
the distribution of ocean life forms
|
B
|
the direction of the wind
|
C
|
the speed of ocean currents
|
D
|
the frictional forces of water layers
|
|
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