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TOEFL READING PRACTICE WITH ANSWERS
TOEFL 4 (READING PASSAGE 5)
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Questions
41-50
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Archaeology
has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures.
Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to
studies of the more immediate past. This has been called "historical
archaeology," a term that is used in the United States to refer to any
archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the
arrival of Europeans.
Back
in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration was popular, historical
archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role
of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and
then take a back seat to architects.
The
mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950's and 1960's.
Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of
university anthropology departments, where they had studied prehistoric
cultures. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and
their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the
techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists,
how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for
which there was often extensive written documentation and because their own
knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to
American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical
and sometimes poorly written, went unread.
More
recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers
have sought ot demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of
science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives
of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well
documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown
great promise, and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation
of the United States past.
In
Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates
that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the
Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an
excavation at the size of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed
that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation
laws to the contrary.
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42. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why historical archaeology was first developed
(B) How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have
changed
(C) The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.
(D) The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology
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43. According to the first paragraph. What is a relatively new focus
in archaeology?
(A) Investigating the rece past
(B) Studying prehistoric cultures
(C) Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.
(D) Comparing findings made in North America and in Europe
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44. According to the passage, when had historical archaeologists been
trained as anthropologists?
(A) Prior to the 1930's
(B) During the 1930's and 1940's
(C) During the 1950's and 1960's
(D) After the 1960's
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45. The word "framed" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) understood
(B) read
(C) avoided
(D) posed
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46. In the third paragraph, the author implies that the techniques of
history and the techniques of social science are
(A) equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures
(B) quite different from each other
(C) usually taught to students of archaeology
(D) both based on similar principles
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47. The phrase "their contributions" in line 16 refers to
the contributions of
(A) social scientists
(B) prehistoric cultures
(C) historians
(D) documentation and knowledge
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48. The author mentions an excavation at the size of a hotel in
Sacramento in order to give an example of
(A) a building reconstruction project
(B) the work of the earliest historical archaeologists
(C) a finding that conflicts with written records
(D) the kind of information that historians routinely examine
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49. The word "supposedly" in line 26 is closest in meaning
to
(A) ruthlessly
(B) tightly
(C) barely
(D) seemingly
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50. The word "sanitation" in line 29 is closest in meaning
to
(A) city
(B) housing
(C) health
(D) trade
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CLICK HERE FOR READING PASSAGE 4
CLICK HERE FOR READING POST TEST
ANSWER KEY
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42. B
43. A
44. C
45. D
46. A
47. A
48. C
49. D
50. C
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