IELTS PRACTICE TEST PLUS 3 TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 2

TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

CHANGE IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
A	The forces that operate to bring about change in organisations can be thought of as winds which are many and varied – from small summer breezes that merely disturb a few papers, to mighty howling gales which cause devastation to structures and operations, causing consequent reorientation of purpose and rebuilding. Sometimes, however, the winds die down to give periods of relative organisational stability. Such a period was the agricultural age, which Goodman (1995) maintains prevailed in Europe and western societies as a whole until the early 1700s. During this period, wealth was created in the context of an agriculturally based society influenced mainly by local markets (both customer and labour) and factors outside people’s control, such as the weather. During this time, people could fairly well predict the cycle of activities required to maintain life, even if that life might be a little more than subsistence level.
B	To maintain the meteorological metaphor stronger winds of change blew to bring in the Industrial Revolution and the industrial age. Again, according to Goodman, this lasted for a long time, until around 1945. It was characterised by a series of inventions and innovations that reduced the number of people needed to work the land and, in turn, provided the means of production of hitherto rarely obtainable goods; for organisations, supplying these in ever increasing numbers became the aim. To a large extent, demand and supply were predictable, enabling companies to structure their organisations along what Burns and Stalker (1966) described as mechanistic lines that is as systems of strict hierarchical structures and firm means of control.
C	This situation prevailed for some time, with demand still coming mainly from the domestic market and organisations striving to fill the “supply gap”. Thus the most disturbing environmental influence on organisations of this time was the demand for products, which outstripped supply. The saying attributed to Henry Ford that “You can have any colour of car so long as it is black”, gives a flavour of the supply-led state of the market. Apart from any technical difficulties of producing different colours of car, Ford did not have to worry about customers’ colour preferences; he could sell all that he made. Organisations of this period can be regarded as “task-oriented”, with effort being put into increasing production through more effective and efficient production processes.
D	As time passed, this favourable period for organisations began to decline. In the neo-industrial age, people became more discriminating in the goods and services they wished to buy and, as technological advancements brought about increased productivity, supply overtook demand. Companies began, increasingly, to look abroad for additional markets.
E	At the same time, organisations faced more intensive competition from abroad for their own products and services. In the West, this development was accompanied by a shift in focus from manufacturing to service, whether this merely added value to manufactured products, or whether it was service in its own right. In the neo-industrial age of western countries, the emphasis moved towards adding value to goods and services – what Goodman calls the value-oriented time, as contrasted with the task-oriented and products/services-oriented times of the past.
F	Today, in the post-industrial age, most people agree that organisational life is becoming ever more uncertain, as the pace of change quickens and the future becomes less predictable. Writing in 1999, Nadler and Tushman, two of US academics, said: “Poised on the eve of the next century, we are witnessing a profound transformation in the very nature of our business organisations. Historic forces have converged to fundamentally reshape the scope, strategies, and structures of large enterprises.” At a less general level of analysis, Graeme Leach, Chief Economist at the British Institute of Directors, claimed in the Guardian newspaper (2000) that: “By 2020, the nine-to-five rat race will be extinct and present levels of self-employment, commuting and technology use, as well as age and sex gaps, will have changed beyond recognition.” According to the article, Leach anticipates that: “in 20 years time, 20-25 percent of the workforce will be temporary workers and many more will be flexible,… 25 percent of people will no longer work in a traditional office and … 50 percent will work from home in some form.” Continuing to use the “winds of change” metaphor, the expectation is of damaging gale-force winds bringing the need for rebuilding that takes the opportunity to incorporate new ideas and ways of doing things.
G	Whether all this will happen is arguable. Forecasting the future is always fraught with difficulties. For instance, Mannermann (1988) sees future studies as part art and part science and notes: “The future is full of surprises, uncertainty, trends and trend breaks, irrationally and rationally, and it is changing and escaping from our hands as time goes by. It is also the result of actions made by innumerable more or less powerful forces.” What seems certain is that the organisational world is changing at a fast rate – even if the direction of change is not always predictable. Consequently it is crucial that organisational managers and decision makers are aware of, and able to analyse the factors which trigger organisational change.

 

Questions 14-18
Reading passage 2 has SEVEN paragraphs A-G Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G
14	some specific predictions about businesses and working practices.
15	reference to the way company employees were usually managed.
16	a warning for business leader.
17	the description of an era notable for the relative absence of change.
18	a reason why customers satisfaction was not a high priority.

Questions 19-23
Look at the following characteristics (Questions 19-23) and the list of periods below. Match the characteristic with the correct period A,B or C. Write the correct letter A, B or C. NB You may use any letter more than once.
19	a surplus of goods
20	an emphasis on production quantity
21	the proximity of consumers to workplaces
22	a focus on the quality of goods
23	new products and new ways of working
List of periods
A. The agricultural age B. The neo-industrial age		C. The industrial age

 

Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Businesses in the 21st century It is generally agreed that changes are taking place more quickly now, and that organisations are being transformed. One leading economist suggested that by 2020, up to a quarter of employees would be _______24, and half of all employees would be based in the _______25. Although predictions can be wrong, the speed of change is not in doubt, and business leaders need to understand the _______26 that will be influential.

 

ANSWER KEY

14	F
15	B
16	G
17	A
18	C
19	D
20	C
21	A
22	D
23	B
24	temporary
25	home
26	factors