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Passage 1
The technology of the North
American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of Europe, but in one
respect, the colonists enjoyed a great advantage. Especially by comparison
with Britain, Americans had a wonderfully plentiful supply of wood.
The first colonists did not,
as many people imagine, find an entire continent covered by a climax
forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest was broken at many
points. Nevertheless, all sorts of fine trees abounded, and through the
early colonial period, those who pushed westward encountered new forests.
By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had risen slightly in eastern
cities, but wood was still extremely abundant.
The availability of wood
brought advantages that have seldom been appreciated. Wood was a foundation
of the economy. Houses and all manner of buildings were made of wood to a degree
unknown in Britain. Secondly, wood was used as fuel for heating and
cooking. Thirdly, it was used as the source of important industrial compounds,
such as potash, an industrial alkali; charcoal, a component of gunpowder; and tannic
acid, used for tanning leather.
The supply of wood conferred
advantages but had some negative aspects as well. Iron at that time was produced
by heating iron ore with charcoal. Because Britain was so stripped of trees,
she was unable to exploit her rich iron mines. But the American colonies
had both iron ore and wood; iron production was encouraged and became
successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting, the Colonies did
not follow suit
because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was stronger
than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technologic innovations and was linked
to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century,
the former colonies lagged behind Britain in industrial development because
their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal iron.
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1
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What does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A ) The advantages of using
wood in the colonies
(B) The effects of an
abundance of wood on the colonies
(C) The roots of the
Industrial Revolution
(D) The difference between
charcoal iron and coke iron
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2
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The word strikingly in the
first paragraph is closest in meaning to
(A) realistically.
(B) dramatically.
(C) completely.
(D) immediately
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3
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Which of the following is a
common assumption about the forests of North America during the colonial
period?
(A) They contained only a few
types of trees.
(B) They existed only along
the Atlantic seaboard.
(C) They had little or no
economic value.
(D) They covered the entire
continent.
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4
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Look at the word plentiful in the bold
text below:
Especially
by comparison with Britain, Americans had a wonderfully plentiful supply of
wood.
The
first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire continent
covered by a climax forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest
was broken at many points. Nevertheless, there was an abundant supply of
fine trees of all types, and through the early colonial period, those who
pushed westward encountered new forests.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as plentiful.
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5
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According to the passage, by
the end of the colonial period, the price of wood in eastern cities
(A) rose quickly because wood
was becoming so scarce.
(B) was much higher than it
was in Britain.
(C) was slightly higher than
in previous years.
(D) decreased rapidly because
of lower demand for wood.
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6
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What can be inferred about
houses in Britain during the period written about in the passage?
(A) They were more expensive
than American houses.
(B) They were generally built
with imported materials.
(C) They were typically
smaller than homes in North America.
(D) They were usually built
from materials other than wood.
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7
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Why does the author mention gunpowder in
paragraph 3?
(A) To illustrate the negative
aspects of some industrial processes
(B) To give an example of a
product made with wood compounds
(C) To remind readers that the
colonial era ended in warfare
(D) To suggest that wood was
not the only important product of the colonies
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8
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The phrase follow suit in
paragraph 4
means
(A) do the same thing.
(B) make an attempt.
(C) have the opportunity.
(D) take a risk.
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9
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According to the passage, why
was the use of coke smelting advantageous?
(A) It led to advances in
technology.
(B) It was less expensive than
wood smelting.
(C) It produced a stronger
type of iron than wood smelting.
(D) It stimulated the demand
for wood.
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10
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Look at the phrase cling to in the bold text below:
Britain
abandoned the charcoal method and went on to develop coke smelting. The
colonies did not follow suit because they had plenty of wood, and besides,
charcoal iron was stronger than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technological
innovations and was linked to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution.
The former colonies lagged behind Britain in industrial development because
their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal iron.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that is most
nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the phrase cling to.
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11
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Put an X next to the paragraph
that outlines the main disadvantage of an abundance of wood.
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Passage 2
The Peales were a
distinguished family of American artists. Charles Willson Peale is best remembered
for his portraits of leading figures of the American Revolution. He painted
portraits of Franklin and Jefferson and over a dozen of George Washington.
His life-size portrait of his sons Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic
that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the figures in the picture.
Charles Willson Peale gave up
painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale Museum, which he
founded in Philadelphia. The world’s first popular museum of art and
natural science, it featured paintings by Peale and his family as well as
displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale found the animals
himself and devised a method of taxidermy to make the exhibits more
lifelike. The museum’s most popular display was the skeleton of a
mastodon—a huge, extinct elephant—which Peale unearthed on a New York farm in 1801.
Three of Peale’s seventeen
children were also famous artists. Raphaelle Peale often painted still
lifes of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His works show the same luminosity and
attention to detail that the works of the Dutch masters show. In the late
eighteenth century, however, portraiture was the rage, and so Raphaelle
Peale found few buyers for his still lifes at the time. His brother Rembrandt
studied under his father and painted portraits of many noted people,
including one of George Washington. Another brother, Rubens Peale, painted
mostly landscapes and portraits.
James Peale, the brother of
Charles Willson Peale, specialized in miniatures. His daughter Sarah Miriam
Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in
America.
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12
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What is the main topic of the
passage?
(A) The life of Charles
Willson Peale
(B) Portraiture in the
eighteenth century
(C) The Peale Museum
(D) A family of artists
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13
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Look at the word He in the bold text below:
The
Peales were a distinguished family of American artists. Charles Willson
Peale is best remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the
American Revolution. He painted portraits of Franklin and Jefferson and
over a dozen of George Washington.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that the word He refers to.
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14
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The author probably mentions
that Washington
tipped his hat to the figures in the painting (paragraph
1) to indicate that
(A) Charles Willson Peale’s
painting was very lifelike.
(B) Washington respected
Charles Willson Peale’s work.
(C) Washington was friendly
with Raphaelle and Titian Peale.
(D) the painting of the two
brothers was extremely large.
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15
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Look at the word displays in the bold text below:
The
world’s first popular museum of art and natural science, it featured
paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their
natural settings. Peale found the animals himself and devised a method of
taxidermy to make the exhibits more lifelike.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as displays.
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16
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For which of the following
terms does the author give a definition in the second paragraph?
(A) Natural science
(B) Skeleton
(C) Taxidermy
(D) Mastodon
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17
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Which of the following
questions about the Peale Museum does the passage NOT supply enough
information to answer?
(A) Who found and prepared its
animal exhibits?
(B) In what city was it
located?
(C) Where did its most popular
exhibit come from?
(D) In what year was it
founded?
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18
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The word unearthed in the
second paragraph is closest in meaning to
(A) displayed.
(B) dug up.
(C) located.
(D) looked over.
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19
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Look at the word rage in the bold text below:
His
works show the same luminosity and attention to detail that the works of
the Dutch masters show. In the late eighteenth century, however, still
lifes were not the fashion. Portraiture was the rage, and so Raphaelle
Peale found few buyers at that time.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as rage.
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20
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According to the passage,
Rembrandt Peale and his father both painted
(A) miniatures.
(B) portraits of George
Washington.
(C) paintings of flowers,
fruit, and cheese.
(D) pictures of animals.
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21
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Underline the sentence in
paragraph 3 in which the author compares the paintings of one of the Peale
family with those of other artists.
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22
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Which of the following is NOT
one of the children of Charles Willson Peale?
(A) Titian Peale
(B) Rubens Peale
(C) Raphaelle Peale
(D) Sarah Miriam Peale
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23
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The author’s attitude toward
the Peales’ is in general
(A) envious.
(B) puzzled.
(C) admiring.
(D) disappointed.
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Passage 3
According to the best evidence
gathered by space probes and astronomers, Mars is an inhospitable planet,
more similar to Earth’s Moon than to Earth itself—a dry, stark, seemingly lifeless
world. Mars’ air pressure is equal to Earth’s at an altitude of 100,000
feet. The air there
is 95 percent carbon dioxide. Mars has no ozone layer to screen out the
sun’s lethal radiation. Daytime temperatures may reach above freezing, but
because the planet is blanketed by the mere wisp of an atmosphere, the heat
radiates back into space. Even at the equator, the temperature drops to
−50°C (−60°F) at night. Today there is no liquid water, although valleys and
channels on the surface show evidence of having been carved by running
water. The polar ice caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and
water may be frozen in the ground as permafrost.
Despite these difficult conditions,
certain scientists believe that there is a possibility of transforming Mars
into a more Earth-like planet. Nuclear reactors might be used to melt
frozen gases and eventually build up the atmosphere. This in turn could
create a greenhouse
effect that would stop heat from radiating back into space. Liquid water
could be thawed to form a polar ocean. Once enough ice has melted, suitable
plants could be introduced to build up the level of oxygen in the
atmosphere so that, in time, the planet would support animal life from Earth
and even permanent human colonies. “This was once thought to be so far in
the future as to be irrelevant,” said Christopher McKay, a research
scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “But now
it’s starting to look practical. We could begin work in four or five
decades.”
The idea of “terra-forming”
Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has its roots in science fiction. But as researchers
develop a more profound understanding of how Earth’s ecology supports life,
they have begun to see how it may be possible to create similar conditions
on Mars. Don’t plan on homesteading on Mars any time soon, though. The
process could take hundreds or even thousands of years to complete, and the
cost would be staggering.
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24
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With which of the following is
the passage primarily concerned?
(A) The possibility of
changing the Martian environment
(B) The challenge of
interplanetary travel
(C) The advantages of
establishing colonies on Mars
(D) The need to study the
Martian ecology
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25
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The word stark in the first
paragraph is closest in meaning to
(A) harsh.
(B) unknown.
(C) dark.
(D) distant.
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26
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The word there in the first
paragraph refers to
(A) a point 100 miles above
the earth.
(B) the earth’s moon.
(C) Mars.
(D) outer space.
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27
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According to the passage, the
Martian atmosphere today consists mainly of
(A) carbon dioxide.
(B) oxygen.
(C) ozone.
(D) water vapor.
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28
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Underline the sentence in the
first paragraph that explains why Mars is so cold at night.
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29
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Which of the following does
the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars that would make
colonization difficult?
(A) There is little liquid
water.
(B) Daytime temperatures are
dangerously high.
(C) The sun’s rays are deadly.
(D) Nighttime temperatures are
extremely low.
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30
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It can be inferred from the
passage that the greenhouse
effect mentioned in the second paragraph is
(A) the direct result of
nuclear reactions.
(B) the cause of low
temperatures on Mars.
(C) caused by the introduction
of green plants.
(D) a possible means of
warming Mars.
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31
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Look at the word thawed in the bold text below:
Frozen
water could be thawed to form a polar ocean. Once enough ice has melted,
suitable plants could be introduced to build up the level of oxygen in the
atmosphere so that, in time, the planet would support animal life from
Earth and even permanent human colonies.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as thawed.
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32
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Look at the word feasible in the bold text below:
“Not many years ago, no one
would have considered this a viable plan,” said Christopher McKay, a
research scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
“But now it’s starting to look feasible. We could begin work in four or
five decades.”
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as feasible.
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33
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According to Christopher
McKay, the possibility of transforming Mars
(A) could only occur in
science fiction stories.
(B) will not begin for
hundreds, even thousands of years.
(C) is completely impractical.
(D) could be started in forty
to fifty years.
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34
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According to the article, the
basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(A) the science of astronomy.
(B) a knowledge of Earth’s
ecology.
(C) data from space probes.
(D) science fiction stories.
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35
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Look at the word they in the bold text below:
The
idea of “terra-forming” Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has its roots in
science fiction. But as researchers develop a more profound understanding
of how Earth’s ecology supports life, they have begun to see how it may be
possible to create similar conditions on Mars.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that the word they refers to.
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36
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The word staggering in the
third paragraph is closest in meaning to
(A) astonishing.
(B) restrictive.
(C) increasing.
(D) unpredictable.
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Passage 4
Another critical factor that
plays a part in susceptibility to colds is age. A study done by the University
of Michigan School of Public Health revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the
general population. Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more
than six colds in their first year. Boys have more colds than girls up to
age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible than boys,
and teenage girls average three colds a year to boys’ two.
The general incidence of colds
continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good health have
as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in
their twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections, because
people in this age group are most likely to have young children. Adults who
delay having children until their thirties and forties experience the same
sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that
economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at which
colds are reported in the family decreases. Families with the lowest income
suffer about a third more colds than families at the highest end. Lower
income in general forces people to live in more cramped quarters than those
typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the opportunities
for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also ad versely
influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility
to colds is not yet clearly established, but an inadequate diet is suspected
of lowering resistance in general.
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37
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The paragraph that precedes
this passage most probably deals with
(A) minor diseases other than
colds.
(B) the recommended treatment
of colds.
(C) a factor that affects
susceptibility to colds.
(D) methods of preventing
colds among elderly people.
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38
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Which of the following is closest
in meaning to the word particulars
in the first paragraph?
(A) Minor errors
(B) Specific facts
(C) Small distinctions
(D) Individual people
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39
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What does the author claim
about the study discussed in the passage?
(A) It contains many
inconsistencies.
(B) It specializes in
children.
(C) It contradicts the results
of earlier studies in the field.
(D) Its results apparently are
relevant for the population as a whole.
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40
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According to the passage,
which of the following groups of people is most likely to catch colds?
(A) Infant boys
(B) Young girls
(C) Teenage boys
(D) Elderly women
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41
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Look at the word incidence in the bold text below:
The
general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people
who are in good health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception
is found among people in their twenties, especially women. The rate at
which they are infected with colds rises because people in this age group
are most likely to have young children.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as incidence.
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42
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There is information in the
second paragraph of the passage to support which of the following
conclusions?
(A) Men are more susceptible
to colds than women.
(B) Children infect their
parents with colds.
(C) People who live in a cold
climate have more colds than those who live in a warm one.
(D) People who don’t have
children are more susceptible to colds than those
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43
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Look at the phrase people in this age group in the bold text below:
Elderly
people who are in good health have as few as one or two colds annually. One
exception is found among people in their twenties, especially women. The
rate at which they are infected with colds rises because people in this age
group are most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having
children until their thirties and forties experience the same sudden
increase in cold infections.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that refers to
the phrase people in
this age group.
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44
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The author’s main purpose in
writing the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) explain how cold viruses
are transmitted.
(B) prove that a poor diet
causes colds.
(C) discuss the relationship
between income and frequency of colds.
(D) discuss the distribution
of income among the people in the study.
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45
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Look at the word cramped in the bold text below:
Families
with the lowest income suffer a third more colds than families at the highest
end. Lower income in general forces people to live in more cramped quarters
than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowded conditions
increase the opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to
person.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as cramped.
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46
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The following sentence can be
added to paragraph 3.
Low
income may also have an adverse effect on diet.
Where would it best fit in the
paragraph?
The study also found that
economics plays an important role. (A) As income increases, the frequency
at which colds are reported in the family decreases. (B) Families with the
lowest income suffer a third more colds than families at the highest end.
(C) Lower income in general forces people to live in more cramped quarters
than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowded conditions
increase the opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person.
(D) The degree to which deficient nutrition affects susceptibility to colds
is not yet clearly established. (E) However, an inadequate diet is
suspected of lowering resistance in general.
Circle the letter in
parentheses that indicates the best position for the sentence.
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47
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Look at the word deficient in the bold text below:
Lower
income in general forces people to live in more cramped quarters than those
typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowded conditions increase the
opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. The degree
to which deficient
nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly established.
However, an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering resistance in general.
Underline the word or phrase
in the bold text that has the
same meaning as deficient.
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48
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The author’s tone in this
passage could best be described as
(A) neutral and objective.
(B) humorous.
(C) tentative but interested.
(D) highly critical.
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Passage 5
About fifty years ago, plant
physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in laboratory flasks.
The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple.
They required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did
not require organic nitrogen compounds. These roots got along fine on
mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making their own proteins
and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of
course. The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy
compound ATP, which drives the biochemical reactions. Respiration also
requires oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of oxygen.
The study of isolated roots
has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and roots
in intact
plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins,
and the roots provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition,
roots can provide the shoots with organic nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for
the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are not yet functioning.
Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature
leaves can “export” protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino
acids.
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49
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What is the main topic of the
passage?
(A) The relationship between a
plant’s roots and its shoots
(B) What can be learned by
growing roots in isolation
(C) How plants can be grown
without roots
(D) What elements are
necessary for the growth of plants
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50
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The word themselves in the
first paragraph refers to
(A) plant physiologists.
(B) solutions.
(C) laboratory flasks.
(D) roots.
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51
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According to the passage, what
is ATP?
(A) A biochemical process
(B) The tip of a root
(C) A chemical compound
(D) A type of plant cell
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52
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The word intact in the second
paragraph is closest in meaning to
(A) mature.
(B) wild.
(C) whole.
(D) tiny.
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53
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The use of the phrase comes in handy in the second paragraph
indicates that the process is
(A) useful.
(B) predictable.
(C) necessary.
(D) successful.
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54
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It can be inferred from the
passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants
(A) “export” protein in the
form of amino acids.
(B) do not require water.
(C) have begun
photosynthesizing.
(D) obtain organic compounds
from the roots.
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55
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Which of the following best
describes the organization of the passage?
(A) The results of two
experiments are compared.
(B) A generalization is made
and several examples of it are given.
(C) The findings of an
experiment are explained.
(D) A hypothesis is presented,
and several means of proving it are suggested.
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