CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH IELTS 3
TEST 1
PASSAGE 3
Reading
Passage 3
You
should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on the following pages.
Questions
29-30
Reading
Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose
the most suitable headings for paragraphs C-G from the list of headings below.
Write
the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
List of
Headings
|
|
i
|
The
Crick and Watson approach to research
|
ii
|
Antidotes
to bacterial infection
|
iii
|
The
testing of hypotheses
|
iv
|
Explaining
the inductive method
|
v
|
Anticipating
results before data is collected
|
vi
|
How
research is done and how it is reported
|
vii
|
The
role of hypotheses in scientific research
|
viii
|
Deducing
the consequences of hypotheses
|
ix
|
Karl
Popper’s claim that the scientific method is hypothetico-deductive
|
x
|
The
unbiased researcher
|
Example
|
Paragraph
A
|
Answer
ix
|
29
|
Paragraph
C
|
30
|
Paragraph
D
|
31
|
Paragraph
E
|
32
|
Paragraph
F
|
33
|
Paragraph
G
|
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
|
|
A
|
‘Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964,
‘are imaginative and inspirational in character’; they are ‘adventures of the
mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The
Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of
scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, as is generally believed,
inductive.
|
B
|
It is essential that you, as an
intending researcher, understand the difference between these two
interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged
or begin to suffer from a feeling of ‘cheating’ or not going about it the
right way.
|
C
|
The myth of scientific method is that
it is inductive: that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the
basic, raw evidence of the senses - simple, unbiased, unprejudiced
observation. Out of these sensory data - commonly referred to as ‘facts’ —
generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of
factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However,
the starting point of induction is an impossible one.
|
D
|
There is no such thing as an unbiased
observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have
seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an
experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the
outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative
and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of
an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some
irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some
experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is, your naive, pure and
objective researcher now?
|
E
|
Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by
inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested
rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as
a result of deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown
to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. If the predictions
turn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be
retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct.
Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your
imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process,
based upon deductive argument — hence the term ‘hypothetico-deductive’.
|
F
|
So don’t worry if you have some idea of
what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there
are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the
evidence in front of them before they try to work out what it might possibly
mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by
accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be
tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a
successful antidote to bacterial infection.
|
G
|
The myth of scientific method is not
only that it is inductive (which we have seen is incorrect) but also that the
hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion.
The hypothetico-deductive method describes the logical approach to much
research work, but it does not describe the psychological behaviour that
brings it about. This is much more holistic — involving guesses, reworkings,
corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well
as the hypothetic component -than is immediately apparent from reading the
final thesis or published papers. These have been, quite properly, organised
into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the output may be
evaluated independently of the behavioural processes by which it was
obtained. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with
which Crick and Watson demonstrated the structure of the DNA molecule and the
fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson (1968) described how they
did it. From this point of view, ‘scientific method’ may more usefully be
thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying
it out.
|
Questions 34 and 35
In which TWO paragraphs in Reading Passage 3 does the writer give advice directly to the reader?
Write the TWO appropriate letters (A-G) in boxes 34 and 35 on your answer sheet.
In which TWO paragraphs in Reading Passage 3 does the writer give advice directly to the reader?
Write the TWO appropriate letters (A-G) in boxes 34 and 35 on your answer sheet.
34
|
____________________________________________________________________________________
|
35
|
____________________________________________________________________________________
|
Questions
36-39
Do
the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in Reading Passage
3.
In
boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet write
YES
|
if
the statement reflects the claims of the writer
|
NO
|
if
the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
|
NOT
GIVEN
|
if
it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
|
36
|
Popper
says that the scientific method is hypothetico-deductive ____________
|
37
|
If
a prediction based on a hypothesis is fulfilled, then the hypothesis is
confirmed as true ____________
|
38
|
Many
people carry out research in a mistaken way ____________
|
39
|
The
‘scientific method’ is more a way of describing research than a way of doing
it ____________
|
Question
40
Choose
the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 40 on your answer sheet.
Which
of the following statements best describes the writer’s main purpose in Reading
Passage 3?
A
|
to
advise Ph.D students not to cheat while carrying out research
to
encourage Ph.D students to work by guesswork and inspiration
to
explain to Ph.D students the logic which the scientific research paper
follows
to
help Ph.D students by explaining different conceptions of the research
process
|
B
|
|
C
|
|
D
|
ANSWER
KEY
|
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