All the rage: clothes and fashion CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE ADVANCED

CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE ADVANCED

UNIT 17

All the rage: clothes and fashion

A	Dressing for work Many students, both male and female, would agree that they often look scruffy1 in their T-shirts and jeans. However, those who go into the world of business have to make a rapid transition and learn about dress codes2 in the workplace. Business attire3 needs to project a professional image, and clothing that reveals4 too much cleavage5 (for women), or your back, your chest or your midriff6 is not appropriate, even in a casual business setting. For women, see-through fabrics7 should be avoided, and skirts should not be too tight or too short, though nobody wants to look frumpy8. For men, trousers should not be too tight, or shirts too open. Women often need a good choice of outfits9 and men find a good range of suits10, ties and casual trousers and jackets invaluable11. Accessories12, e.g. jewellery, shoes and cufflinks13, can also enhance the professional look. Some offices have dress-down days14, often Fridays, when staff can wear more casual clothes. In other jobs, of course, people are required to wear uniforms, or protective clothing such as overalls15 and safety helmets16. 1 untidy [noun: scruff = person who dresses in an untidy way] 2 accepted way of dressing in a particular social group 3 clothing; formal 4 shows 5 space between a woman’s breasts 6 part of the body between the chest and the waist 7 materials 8 old-fashioned and boring 9 set of clothes for a particular occasion 10 jacket and trousers in the same material 11 extremely useful 12 extra items added to clothing for useful or decorative purposes 13 decorative objects used to fasten the cuffs on men’s shirts 14 days when people wear less formal clothes 15 (plural noun) piece of clothing covering all the body, usually worn over other clothing to protect it when working 16 hat to protect the head Language help Invaluable means extremely valuable. The opposite of valuable is valueless or without value.
B	Words and expressions about clothes Clothes can be described as revealing1, skimpy2, baggy3, clingy4, or chic5. Sometimes an invitation to a more formal party will ask people to dress in smart-casual6 clothes. To be dolled (up) / dressed up / done up to the nines means to be dressed in a very fashionable or very formal way. Some people choose to buy designer (label) clothes but most people prefer to buy clothes more cheaply on the High Street7. People who can afford to sometimes have clothes made-to-measure8, but more often people buy their clothes off the peg/rack9. 1 showing a lot of flesh 2 short, using little material 3 loose, e.g. a sweater 4 close-fitting 5 /ʃiːk/ modern, stylish 6 clothes that are informal but clean, tidy and stylish 7 from ordinary, much less expensive shops 8 made especially for them 9 ready-made
C	Being in fashion These jackets are all the rage. [very fashionable] The woman was dressed in the very latest fashion. [an extremely fashionable way] Dresses like this are the height of fashion. [very fashionable] The magazine has up-to-the-minute fashion articles. [dealing with the most recent trends] The film has set a new trend for the silk top the star wore. [started a new fashion] A trend-setter is a person whose style is followed by others. High heels are on trend this year. [fashionable] Large handbags are this year’s must-have item. [thing that everyone wants] If a fashion/trend catches on, it becomes popular. A slave to fashion is someone who is strongly influenced by fashion. [used in a disapproving way] Your new outfit really suits you. [looks good on you]
D	Clothes in metaphors to speak off the cuff [without having prepared anything] to be hand in glove with someone [to have a close working relationship with someone] to do something on a shoestring [spending as little as possible] no frills [simple and plain] to put someone in a straitjacket [restrict someone’s freedom] to draw a veil over something [not to talk about something] to have something up your sleeve [to have a secret plan or idea]

EXERCISES

17.1	Answer these questions. 1 What do you mean if you call someone ‘scruffy’? 2 What is the dress code in a workplace you are familiar with? 3 What kinds of clothes are not appropriate for a job interview? 4 What might be appropriate clothes to wear for a job interview for a man and for a woman? 5 What is your favourite outfit? 6 And what accessories would be required for this outfit? 7 What would you put on if you had a dress-down day at work? 8 What sorts of work require staff to wear a uniform? 9 What kind of jobs need protective clothing to be worn? 10 If a woman says she finds a particular outfit ‘invaluable’, does she mean it’s very expensive, extremely useful or absolutely useless?
17.2	Fill the gaps with words or phrases from B or C opposite. 1 Wow, you’re done up to ___________! Where on earth are you going? 2 The sign outside the bar said: ‘Dress code: ___________– no jeans or trainers.’ 3 I’m surprised to see girls wearing such ___________dresses in this cold weather. 4 I can’t afford ___________clothes. I buy most of my outfits on the ___________. 5 Lucy is always dressed in the ___________of fashion – she always looks very ___________! 6 As soon as Amy gets home from work, she changes from her smart suit into tracksuit bottoms and a comfortable, ___________, old jumper. 7 Very high heels remain ___________ trend this season. 8 These bracelets were last year’s___________ -have item.
17.3	Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using phrases from D opposite. 1 I’m no good at speaking if I haven’t had time to prepare what I want to say. 2 Simon is bound to have some plan in readiness for tomorrow’s meeting. 3 I think we should keep quiet about what happened on Monday, don’t you? 4 Be careful what you say to Helen – she works very closely with the boss. 5 The new legislation means we are not able to act as we wish. 6 We’ll still have a great party even if we have to do it as cheaply as possible.
17.4	Here are more metaphorical uses of clothes words. Explain the literal and metaphorical meanings of the underlined words and expressions. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 We’ll have to tighten our belts if you stop working full-time. 2 We wanted to leave but were hemmed in by the crowd and couldn’t escape. 3 Phil’s got so many books – his room is bursting at the seams. 4 The negotiations have been cloaked in secrecy ever since they began. 5 If she wins the prize again this year, it’ll be a real feather in her cap.
17.5	Over to you • What is all the rage in your country at the moment? • When was the last time you got dressed up to the nines? • What do you think about people who are a slave to fashion? • What would you wear on a dress-down Friday at work? • What sort of people start new fashion trends? • What item of clothing would you most like to have made-to-measure?

ANSWER KEY

17.1 Possible answers: 1 You mean that they tend to dress in an untidy, careless way. 2 Smart but fairly casual clothes. 3 Revealing, skimpy, clingy, baggy or frumpy clothes would not be appropriate for a job interview. 4 It would be appropriate for both men and women to wear a smart suit to a job interview. 5 Jeans and a baggy shirt. 6 A nice belt, with boots and simple jewellery. 7 Trousers and a T-shirt. 8 Nurses, police officers, firemen, airline staff, the military. 9 Jobs involving risk, e.g. construction workers, miners. 10 She means it’s extremely useful. 17.2 1 the nines 2 smart-casual 3 skimpy / revealing 4 designer (label), High Street 5 height, chic 6 baggy 7 on 8 must 17,3 1 I’m no good at speaking off the cuff. 2 Simon is bound to have something up his sleeve for tomorrow’s meeting. 3 I think we should draw a veil over what happened on Monday, don’t you? 4 Be careful what you say to Helen – she’s hand in glove with the boss. 5 The new legislation has put us in a straitjacket. 6 We’ll still have a great party even if we have to do it on a shoestring. 17.4 1 The literal meaning of belt is a piece of cloth or leather that you wear round your waist. You need to tighten it if you lose weight. The metaphorical meaning of tighten your belt is to start living in a more economical way. 2 The literal meaning of the verb hem is to sew up the bottom edge of, e.g. a dress so that it does not develop loose threads. Hemmed in means completely surrounded. 3 A seam is a line of sewing joining two pieces of material so that if, say, a bag is bursting at the seams, it is almost splitting open. The metaphorical meaning of bursting at the seams is very, very full. 4 Literally, to cloak is to cover with a cloak. The metaphorical meaning of cloaked is kept secret. 5 Literally a feather in someone’s cap is simply a feather decorating their cap or hat. The metaphorical meaning of the expression is an achievement to be proud of.