CAMBRIDGE
ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE ADVANCED
UNIT 39
History: since the dawn of civilisation
A
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History
– the great and the ordinary
1
person who studies the material evidence of past societies
2
group of countries ruled by a single person
3
individual countries ruled by a king or queen
4
different rulers who are all from the same family, or a period of time that a
country is controlled by them
5
beginning
6
period that a king, queen or emperor rules
7
person who is legally entitled to continue the work of someone important who
has died or who has the same position as they had
8
person who takes over from another person
9
event when a king or queen receives his/her crown
10 when someone or an army defeats and takes over another
country
11 texts written by hand
12 person who works on the land and earns little, usually
having a low social status
13 person who does unskilled manual work
14 moving from one place to another in large numbers
15 very small amounts
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B
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Historical
eras
In
ancient Egypt, the Bronze Age began about 5,000 years ago. [period
when the metals copper and tin began to be used to make weapons, tools, etc.;
we also talk of the Stone Age, the Iron Age]
Life
in medieval times was hard. [of or from the European Middle Ages, i.e.
1000–1500 AD]
I
love the great Renaissance art of Italy. [period of new growth of
interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th
centuries]
Magnificent
architecture and works of art were created in Central America in the pre-colonial
era. [period before Europeans arrived in large numbers and took power; opp.
= post-colonial]
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C
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Military
history
infantry: soldiers on foot (uncountable)
cavalry: soldiers on horseback (uncountable)
(suit
of) armour: metal protective clothing worn by
soldiers
chariot: two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient
times for racing and war
galleon: large sailing ship with three or four masts, used in the
15th to 18th centuries
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D
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People
warlord: a military leader who controls a country or, more oft
en, an area within a country
slave: person legally owned by someone else and who has to work
for them (noun = slavery)
ruler: leader of a country
explorer: someone who travels to places that no one is thought
ever to have visited, in order to find out what is there
merchant: someone who buys and sells things in large amounts, especially
by trading with other countries
monarch: neutral term for a king or queen (a country with a king
or queen at its head can also be called a monarchy)
the
nobility: collective term for people of the
highest social rank in a society
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EXERCISES
39.1
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Which
words on the opposite page are these definitions of?
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39.2
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Complete
the table, using a dictionary if necessary. Do not fill the shaded boxes.
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39.2
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Match
the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
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39.4
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Here
are some of the words from the opposite page used in a metaphorical way. Read
the sentences and answer the questions about the underlined phrases.
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ANSWER KEY
39.1
1 reign
2 dynasty 3 heir (the heir has a legal right to take over, for example, by birth; the successor is any person who actually takes over, for example, by being elected) 4 manuscript 5 coronation 6 empire 7 dawn 8 shred 9 the Bronze Age 10 the pre-colonial era
39.2
39.3
1 d 2 g 3 a 4 f 5 h 6 b 7 e 8 c
39.4
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 b
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