CAMBRIDGE
ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE ADVANCED
UNIT 40
The haves and the have-nots
A
|
Definitions
of poverty
United Nations definition: ‘Fundamentally1,
poverty is a denial2 of choices and opportunities, a violation3
of human dignity4…’
1
in a basic and important way
2
not allowing people to have
3
act that spoils or destroys something
4
worth
type
and aspect
of
poverty
|
definition
|
comments
|
absolute
poverty
|
being
poor according to a fixed minimum standard; sometimes called the poverty
line
|
In
2015, people with less than $1.90 to live on a day were defined as being below
the poverty line. This sum does, of course, regularly change.
|
relative
poverty
|
being
poor in relation to others
around you
|
This
kind of poverty depends on a person’s social context1.
It takes into account that there is no income equality between
countries.
|
extreme
poverty
|
living
below the poverty line
|
People
living in extreme poverty will be lacking in material possessions and
money. Another word for extreme poverty is penury.
|
human
poverty
|
being
poor in a range of ways, not only financial
|
This
kind of poverty takes into account such social factors as shelter2,
nutrition3 (people living in poverty are more likely to
be malnourished4), literacy5 levels
(people living in poverty are more likely to be illiterate), sanitation6,
access to education and healthcare. People lacking these basic aspects of
life are said to be deprived7.
|
1
situation
2
having a place to live that is protected from the weather
3
food that people take into their body
4
suffering from ill health because of poor food (noun = malnourishment/malnutrition)
5
ability to read and write
6
systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene
7
noun = deprivation [lacking in things considered necessary for a
pleasant life]
|
B
|
Other expressions relating to wealth
and poverty
Most
of the world’s population can be classed as poor. [categorised]
Only
a small minority of people in the world enjoy affluence / are affluent.
[wealth; wealthy]
The
super-rich are people who are exceptionally rich.
It’s
a very poor country – over 60% of the population live on or below
the breadline. [having the level of income of an extremely poor person]
When
your income is low, it is hard to make ends meet. [have enough money
to buy all you need]
Many
people left the poverty-stricken countryside to go to the city. [affected
by poverty]
The
charity’s main aim is to improve healthcare in impoverished areas of
the world. [poor, without much money to live on]
Everywhere
in the city you see destitute people living in shop doorways or under
bridges. [without money, food, home or possessions; noun = destitution]
When
we were first married, we were living from hand to mouth, so it’s nice
to be able to spend a bit more now. [having just enough money to live without
suffering]
Ever
since I lost my job, money has been tight. [there has not been much
money]
We’ll
have to tighten our belts now that Mum has lost her job. [spend less than
before]
Many
of the people in this area are in the lowest income bracket. [range of
income with upper and lower levels]
Common
mistakes
We
say the rich and the poor, meaning rich people and poor people
(NOT the riches and the poors).
|
EXERCISES
40.1
|
Complete
the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one.
1
|
The
number of deprived children is increasing.
The
number of children facing ______________ is increasing.
|
2
|
There
is much less illiteracy in the world than there used to be.
There
are far fewer ______________ people in the world than there used to be.
|
3
|
Our
family enjoyed relative affluence at that time.
Our
family enjoyed a relatively ______________ lifestyle at that time.
|
4
|
It
is wrong to deny people their basic human freedoms.
______________
of people’s basic human freedoms is wrong.
|
5
|
There
are more destitute people in the city than before.
The
problem of ______________ in the city is increasing.
|
6
|
Poverty could be said to violate
human dignity.
Poverty could be said to be a ______________
of human dignity.
|
|
40.2
|
Choose
one of the words in the box to complete each of the sentences below.
absolute
|
impoverished
|
line
|
relative
|
fundamental
|
shelter
|
super
|
|
1
Some people in a middle income bracket claim that they are living in _______________
poverty simply because they have fewer material possessions than their
neighbours.
2
Millions of people still live below the poverty _______________.
3
Food and _______________ are two of the most important human needs.
4
There is a _______________ difference between not having a lot of money and
being destitute.
5
It is not very meaningful to talk in terms of _______________ poverty when
you compare people who live in very different contexts.
6
His family were once quite affluent, but in the last few years they have
become increasingly _______________ .
7
The _______________ -rich control much of the world's wealth.
|
|
40.3
|
Complete
the sentences.
1
An increasingly large number of families are living on the bread ______________.
2
Most of the people who live in this street are in a higher income ______________.
3
It all depends on your social ______________whether you feel poor or not
because you don’t own a car.
4
It can be hard for students to make ______________meet.
5
If we all tighten our ______________, we should be able to manage all
right.
6
I was surprised how poverty- ______________the villages looked given the
richness of the surrounding farmland.
|
|
40.4
|
Choose
the best word to complete each of these sentences.
1
A person who sleeps in a cardboard box on the street and begs for money can
best be described as impoverished / destitute.
2
Without my husband’s income, we were very much living from hand to mouth
/ foot.
3
When we were children, money was always small / tight.
4
Even children with rich parents can be deprived / destitute in
terms of love and affection.
5
An increasing number of people live below the penury / poverty
line.
6
The table shows the proportion of people in each income section / bracket.
7
Many of the children here are classed / grouped as living in
poverty.
8
The country has great extremes of poverty and influence / affluence.
9
Children who don’t get enough food will suffer ill health as a result of nutrition
/ malnourishment.
10
Inadequate sanitation / deprivation can have serious health
consequences.
|
|
ANSWER KEY
40.1
1 deprivation
2 illiterate
3 affluent
4 Denial
5 destitution
6 violation
40.2
1 relative
2 line
3 shelter
4 fundamental
5 absolute
6 impoverished
7 super
40.3
1 line
2 bracket
3 context
4 ends
5 belts
6 stricken
40.4
1 destitute
2 mouth
3 tight
4 deprived
5 poverty line
6 bracket
7 classed
8 affluence
9 malnourishment
10 sanitation
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